上海中学教师2017下半年教师资格初中英语学科知识与教学能力真题答案

　　在每小题列出的四个备选项中选择一个最佳答案。请用28铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案字母按要求涂黑。错选、多选或未选均无分。

　　1. The main difference between/e/and/?/lies in the__________.

　　A. tongue position

　　B. sound duration

　　C. openness of the mouth

　　D. shape of the lips

　　2.__________is the main rhyming pattern in"Mrs. White/Had a flight/In the middle of the night".

　　A. Assonance

　　B. End rhyme

　　C. Alliteration

　　D. Reverse end rhyme

　　3. We're all keeping our__________ crossed that the surgeons do not find anything too serious with the patient.

　　A. fingers

　　B. thumbs

　　C. hands

　　D. feet

　　4. When implementing the project, we__________a lot of unexpected opposition from our colleagues.

　　A. run for

　　B. make against

　　C. run up against

　　D. make away with

　　5. The island measures about 30 miles__________ 20 miles.

　　A. by

　　B. with

　　C. to

　　D. upon

　　6. --Will John come to the party?

　　--No, he won't come and__________.

　　A. Antony neither won' t

　　B. won' t Antony neither

　　C. either will Antony

　　D. neither will Antony

　　7. Garbo plays the role of the queen,_________ in the love she has found with Antonio.

　　A. rejoiced

　　B. rejoicing

　　C. being rejoiced

　　D. to rejoice

　　8._________ ministers decide to instigate an inquiry, we welcome it.

　　A. Should ... would

　　B. Suppose ... could

　　C, If... would

　　D. Would ... will

　　9. What is missing at the discourse level between the two sentences "Carol loves tomatoes. She was born in Africa."?

　　A. Reference.

　　B. Cohesion.

　　C. Coherence.

　　D. Substitution.

　　10. The synonyms "charge" and "accuse" mainly differ in_________.

　　A. emotion

　　B. dialect

　　C. formality

　　D. collocation

　　11. Which of the following instructions is helpful in developing students' ability to make inferences?

　　A. Listen to a story and write a summary.

　　B. Listen to a story and work out the writer' s intention.

　　C. Listen to the story of a boy and then draw a picture of him.

　　D. Listen to a story and note down the specific date of an event.

　　12. The most suitable question type to check students' comprehension and develop their critical thinking is_________.

　　A. rhetorical questions

　　B. referential questions

　　C. close questions

　　D. display questions

　　13. Diagnostic test is often used for the purpose of

　　A. finding out what students know and don' t know

　　B. measuring students' general language proficiency

　　C. knowing whether students have the right language aptitude

　　D. checking whether students have achieved the teaching objectives

　　14. Which of the following activities is often used to develop students' speaking accuracy?

　　A. Identifying and correcting oral mistakes.

　　B. Acting out the dialogue in the text.

　　C. Having discussions in groups.

　　D. Describing people in pair.

　　15. If a teacher asks students to make their own learning plan, he/she is trying to develop their_________.

　　A. cognitive strategy

　　B. affective strategy

　　C. communicative strategy

　　D. metacognitive strategy

　　I6. When a teacher tells students that the word "dog" may imply "loyalty", he/she is teaching the _________of the word.

　　A, denotative meaning

　　B. conocative meaning

　　C. conceptual meaning

　　D. connotative meaning

　　17. Which of the following is the last step in the process of writing essays?

　　A. Editing the writings.

　　B. Writing topic sentences for paragraphs.

　　C. Gathering information and ideas relevant to the topic.

　　D. Organizing the information and ideas into a logical sequence.

　　18. The main purpose of asking questions about the topic before listening is to

　　A. meet students' expectation

　　B. increase students' confidence

　　C. activate students' schemata

　　D. provide feedback on tasks

　　19. Ifa teacher asks students to fill in the blanks in a passage with "that", "which" or "whom",he/she is least likely focusing on grammar at_________.

　　A. lexical level

　　B. syntactic level

　　C. discourse level

　　D. morphological level

　　20. If a teacher asks students to talk about their hobbies in groups, he/she is trying to encourage_________.

　　A. peer correction

　　B. peer feedback

　　C. peer interaction

　　D. peer assessment

　　请阅读Passage l，完成第21-25小题。

　　Passage 1

　　Self-driving vehicles threaten to send truck drivers to the unemployment office. Computer programs can now write journalistic accounts of sporting events and stock price movements. There are even computers that can grade essay exams with reasonable accuracy, which could revolutionize my own job. Increasingly, machines are providing not only the brawn but the brains, too. And that raises the question of where humans fit into this picture--who will prosper and who won't in this new kind of machine economy?

　　Within five years we are likely to have the world's best education, or close to it, online and free. But not everyone will sit down and go through the material without a professor pushing them to do the work.

　　Your Smartphone will record data on your life and, when asked, will tell you what to do,drawing on data from your home or from your spouse and friends if need be."You' ve thrown out that bread the last three times you've bought it, give it a pass" will be a text message of the future.

　　How about"Now is not the time to start another argument with your wife"? The GPS is just the beginning of computer-guided instruction. Take your Smartphone on a date, and it might vibrate in your pocket to indicate "Kiss her now." If you hesitate for fear of being seen as pushy, it may write:

　　"Who cares if you look bad? You are sampling optimally in the quest for a lifetime companion."

　　A lot of jobs will consist of making people feel either very good or very bad about themselves.

　　Coaches, mentors and disciplinarians will spread to many areas of life, at least for those of us who can stand to listen to them. These people will cajole us, flatter us and shame us into improving our lives, our work habits and our consumption.

　　Computing and software will make it easier to measure performance and productivity.

　　It will be harder to gloss over our failings and maintain self-deception. In essence everyone will suffer the fate of professional chess players, who will always know when they have lost a game, have an exact numerical rating for their overall performance, and find excuses for failure hard to come by.

　　Individuals will have many measures of their proficiency. They will have an incentive to disclose that information to get the better job or social opportunity. You'll assume the worst about those who keep secrets, and so openness will reign. Many of us will start to hate the idea of Big Data.

　　21. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word"brawn" in Paragraph 1?

　　A. Job.

　　B. Meat.

　　C. Physical strength.

　　D. Mental agility.

　　22. What does the underlined phrase "the question" in Paragraph 1 refer to?

　　A. Where do humans fit into this picture?

　　B. Will machines eventually replace human beings?

　　C. Which could revolutionize my own job, teaching at school?

　　D. Who will prosper and who will not in this machine economy?

　　23. What makes the instructions sent by smartphones valuable and reliable for people when doing things?

　　A. A global positioning system installed in all smartphones.

　　B. Information collected and elicited by smartphones from your life.

　　C. An optimal sampling software to store information in smartphones.

　　D. Vibrations smartphones make in your pocket as a constant reminder.

　　24. Who will be most likely to suffer from this technological revolution?

　　A. Fashion gurus specializing in producing, modeling, or marketing fashion.

　　B. American young people who do not make good use of the online courses.

　　C. Individuals keeping the information about their proficiency to themselves.

　　D. Professional chess players who are not able to calculate the play outcome.

　　25. Why will many people start to hate Big Data according to the last paragraph?

　　A. Because people will have no privacy and can' t tell any lies at all.

　　B. Because they facilitate performance and productivity assessment.

　　C. Because they give people no choice but to comply with computers.

　　D. Because people have found it really hard to finish doing everything.

　　请阅读Passage 2，完成第26—30小题。

　　Passage 2

　　Teacher education provided by U.S. colleges and universities has been routinely criticized since its inception in the early nineteenth century, sometimes deservedly. These programs, like non-university programs, are uneven in quality and can be improved. What makes today' s criticisms different is an aggressive effort by advocacy groups, and self-proclaimed educational entrepreneursto deregulate the preparation of teachers, and to expand independent, alternative routes into teaching.

　　This effort to"disrupt" the field of teacher preparation in the United States has gained considerable momentum and legitimacy, with venture capitalists, philanthropy, and the U.S.

　　Department of Education all providing sponsorship and substantial funding.

　　The strength of this effort is that the United States may quickly seek to dismantle its university system and replace much of it with independent, private programs. The resulting system of teacher preparation may differ dramatically in its government, structure, content, and processes moving away from its current location alongside legal, medical, and other professional preparation that pairs academic degrees with professional training.

　　Throughout the nation, states are reporting teacher shortages in particular subject areas and geographical locations, and several states have either passed legislation to lower the standards for becoming a teacher or, like the state of Washington, have looked toward expanding the number of teacher education providers to try to fill teaching vacancies. The federal government has contributed to the push to lower standards for becoming a teacher with the Teacher Preparation Academy

　　provision in the new K-12 education law, the Every Student Succeeds Act, which encourages states to expand the number of independent programs not associated with colleges and universities.

　　Because of the increasing tuition rates, a consequence in part, of cuts in funding to public universities that continue to educate most U.S. teachers, enrollments in college and university teacher education programs have declined in many parts of the country. Independent teacher education programs are being viewed by some as an important part of the solution in staffing the nation's classrooms and addressing our serious and enduring problems in education inequities.

　　Additionally, advocacy groups, philanthropists, and so-called education entrepreneurs are working aggressively to expand these independent alternative routes into teaching.

　　Given the seriousness of the teacher shortage problem in the United States and the substantial media attention that has been given to independent teacher education programs as the solution to teacher shortages and education inequities, policy makers should very carefully examine the evidence that exists about the nature and impact of these relatively new programs that are rapidly expanding while university teacher education enrollments decline.

　　26. What can be inferred from Paragraph 1 about criticisms against teacher education?

　　A. The criticisms have been increasing.

　　B. The criticisms may not be well justified sometimes.

　　C. The criticisms mainly focus on the quality of non-university programs.

　　D. The criticisms usually come from advocacy groups and so-called educational entrepreneurs.

　　27. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word"momentum" in Paragraph 2?

　　A. Moment.

　　B. Motive.

　　C. Achievement.

　　D. Incentive.

　　28. What can be inferred from Paragraph 3?

　　A. The university system of the United States will completely collapse.

　　B. The university system of the United States will be totally restructured.

　　C. The new teacher education programs may not grant students academic degrees in the future.

　　D. The new teacher education programs will follow the usual practice of other professional preparation.

　　29. What measures have been taken by some states to deal with their teacher shortages?

　　A. To increase the number of qualified teachers.

　　B. To increase funds for teacher education programs.

　　C. To expand non-university teacher education programs.

　　D. To establish the baseline of teacher education programs.

　　30. Which of the following is true of the independent teacher education programs?

　　A.They are initiated to deal with teacher shortages and education inequities.

　　B. They aimed to raise the standards of teacher education programs.

　　C. They compete with the university teacher education programs.

　　D. They can replace the university teacher education programs.

　　二、简答题(本大题1小题，20分)

　　根据题目要求完成下列任务。用中文作答。

　　31.简述教材在英语教学中的两个作用(8分)，列出教师使用教材的三点注意事项。(12分)

　　三、教学情境分析题(本大题1小题，30分)

　　根据题目要求完成下列任务，用中文作答。

　　32.下面是一位初中英语教师在语音教学中使用的练习。

　　Teacher' s instruction:

　　Look at the words on the blackboard. Tick the word you hear in each sentence I read.

　　Teacher's reads:

　　1. I don' t like these sports.

　　2. These pots are very dirty.

　　3. Look at that white cord on the water.

　　4. Mr. Smith was short.

　　Students tick the words they hear:

　　A B

　　1. spots sports

　　2. pots ports

　　3. cod cord

　　4. shot short

　　根据上面所提供的教学情境，从下面四个方面作答。

　　(1)该片段的教学目的是什么?(5分)

　　(2)该教师采用了哪两种教学方法?(8分)

　　(3)该教学片段体现了哪两个语音教学的原则?(8分)

　　(4)列出能恰当体现语音教学原则的其他三种方法。(9分)

　　四、教学设计题(本大题1小题，40分)。

　　根据提供的信息和语言素材设计教学方案，用英文作答。

　　33.设计任务：请阅读下面学生信息和语言素材，设计20分钟的英语阅读教学方案。教案没有固定格式，但须包含下列要点：

　　· teaching objectives

　　· teaching contents

　　· key and difficult points

　　· major steps and time allocation

　　· activities and justifications

　　教学时间：20分钟

　　学生概况：某城镇普通中学七年级(初中一年级)学生。班级人数40人。多数学生已经达到《义务教育英语课程标准(2011年版)》二级水平，学生课堂参与积极性较高。

　　一、单项选择题

　　1.【答案】A。解析：考查元音的发音。根据发音时舌头在口腔中抬起的位置可分为：前元音、中元音、后元音。

　　根据发音时唇形的圆展可分为：圆唇元音和非圆唇元音。根据元音的长度可分为：长元音和短元音。根据以上分类方式，/e/可以描述为前、非圆唇、短元音，/?/为中、非圆唇、短元音。由此可知/e/和/?/的主要区别为发音时舌的位置。故选A。

　　2.【答案】B。解析：考查修辞学。Assonance“类韵”，指的是在诗歌中相同或相似元音的重复，它的目的主要是使句子悦耳动听或强调某个音。例如：Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.End rhyme“尾韵”，指词尾音素重复，如great和bait。Alliteration“头韵”，指两个单词或两个单词以上的首字母相同，形成悦耳的读音。例如：AMistyMorningMayhave afineday.Reverse end rhyme“倒尾韵”，指重读音节中元音和辅音都相同，如will和wind。根据题干可知句子中White，fright，night押的是尾韵。故选B。

　　3.【答案】A。解析：考查固定搭配。keepone’Sfingerscrossed的字面意思是将手指交叉起来，这个短语的比喻意义是“祈求好运”“希望一切如愿”“但愿别出差错”。句意为“我们祈祷外科医生不会发现病人有太严重的疾病”。

　　4.【答案】C。解析：考查动词短语辨析。runfor“竞选”，make against“不利于”，runup against“遇到，遭遇”，make awaywith“携……而逃，除去，杀死”。句意为“当实施计划时，我们遭到同事们意料不到的反对”。故选C。

　　5.【答案】A。解析：考查介词by的用法。句意为“这个岛大约30英里长，20英里宽”。介词by可以表示距离和面积、体积中的尺寸及乘除法中的运算。

　　6.【答案】D。解析：考查倒装句。根据语境可判断，第二个人想要表达的是“约翰不会来参加聚会，安东尼也不来”。表示“……也不”时，用neither/nor倒装结构来承接前面的否定情况，结构是“neither/nor+be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”。A、B两项语序错误;C项either用作副词表示“也(不)”时，只用于否定句中，C项正确说法应为“Antony won’t，either.”。故选D。

　　7.【答案】B。解析：考查非谓语动词。句意为“嘉宝饰演王后的角色，陶醉于和安东尼奥的热恋中”。逗号前后两句话无连词连接.且主句已经有了谓语动词plays，因此要用rejoice的非谓语形式。主语是Garbo，与rejoice构成主动关系，排除A、C两项;D项动词不定式表示将来和目的，不符合题意，排除。这里要用现在分词形式reioicing作伴随状语。

　　8.【答案】A。解析：考查虚拟条件句的倒装。句意为“如果部长们决定发起一次调查，我们会表示欢迎”。在虚拟条件句中，如果谓语部分有were、had或should时，可将它们置于句首，省略if，变成部分倒装句。该句可还原为“If ministers shoulddecide to instigate allinquiry，wewouldwelcomeit.”。

　　9.【答案】C。解析：考查语篇衔接与连贯。衔接与连贯是语篇分析中的两个基本概念，是语言成篇不可缺少的基本特征。衔接(cohesion)是指语篇内标记不同句际关系的形式连接，使篇章内的句子扭结在一起的语篇建构手段。语篇的衔接是通过词汇和语法等表层结构形式实现的。对语义联系进行说明，是语篇的有形网络。连贯(coherence)则是指篇章是一个整体而不是一些不相关的词句的堆积。它是语篇中意义的关联，通过逻辑推理来达到语义连接，是语篇的无形网络。语篇的衔接可通过以下衔接手段实现：指称(reference)、替代(substitution)、省略(ellipsis)、连接(conjunction)和词汇衔接(lexical cohesion)等。本题中“Carol爱吃西红柿”和“她生于非洲”这两句话都是在说明一个人身上的特点，在形式上通过指称She实现了衔接，但前后语义不连贯，无法构成一个有完整语义的语篇或主题.缺少语篇的连贯。故选C。

　　10.【答案】D。解析：考查同义关系。同义词可分为以下几类：①方言同义词，指有地域差异的同义词，如flat(英式)和apartment(美式)。②文体同义词，指在文体上或正式程度上有差异的同义词，如buy(非正式)和purchase(正式)。③搭配同义词，指在用词搭配上有差异的同义词，如本题中，charge和accuse二者都可以表示指责某人做某事，但所使用的介词搭配不同，前者与with搭配，后者与of搭配。④情感或评价的同义词，指所包含的情感或态度有差异的同义词，如politician(多含贬义)和statesman(多指褒义)。⑤存在语义差异的同义词，指在意义上存在细微差别的同义词，如timid和timorous，二者都有“胆怯的”之意，但前者表示某人在某个特殊情况下的状态.也可以表示其一贯的性格，而后者只表示某个人一贯的性格。故选D。

　　11.【答案】B。解析：考查听力技能教学。题干意思是：以下哪项指令有助于培养学生的推断能力?A项“听故事。写摘要”，B项“听故事，确定作者的意图”，C项“听一个男孩的故事，然后画一幅他的画”，D项“听故事，记下事件的具体日期”。在听力技能教学中，让学生通过听材料来分析和判断作者意图，即根据听力材料中的已有信息推断出未知信息，这可以训练学生的推断能力。故选B。

　　12.【答案】B。解析：考查课堂提问的类型。题干意思是：哪一种类型的问题最适合用于检测学生的理解以及培养他们的批判性思维?rhetorical questions“反问句”，句子表面是疑问形式，但说话者的态度和意见很明确，并不需要听话者的回答：referentialquestions“参考性问题”，此类问题一般没有现成的答案，教师也没有明确的答案.提问的目的在于力求学生发散思维、寻求信息，一般包括推理、评价性的问题和批判、创造性的问题;close questions“封闭性问题”，有固定答案且答案是唯一的，学生回答时借助再认或再现，通常用于强化巩固课堂; display questions“展示性问题”，这种问题的答案通常是唯一的，教师预先知道问题的答案，提问只是为了考查学生对语言知识的掌握情况，学生作答时只需凭借表层理解、短时记忆，或是快速查找课文，便能找到答案，一般包括对是非、对错的选择性问题和事实、回忆性问题。故选B。

　　13.【答案】A。解析：考查语言测试类型。题干意思是：诊断性测试的主要目的是什么?诊断性测试是语言测试的一种类型，它主要用来探测和发现学生的理解和表达障碍，以便教师及时改进教学手段，从而积极地干预学习过程。诊断性测试常常基于教师的教学经验和学生对某些语言点尚未完全掌握所表现出的种种迹象来命题。其成绩一般不用来衡量和评估学生的语言水平。因此只有A项“发现学生知道什么和不知道什么”符合题意。B项属于水平测试(proficiencytest)，C项属于能力测试(aptitudetest)，D项属于学业成绩测试(achievement test)。故选A。

　　14.【答案】A。解析：考查口语教学活动。题干意思是：以下哪项活动通常用于培养学生的口语准确性?A项“识别并纠正口语错误”，B项“表演文中的对话”，C项“分组讨论”，D项“两人一组描述人物”。口语纠错可保证语言的正确输出，为精确表达奠定基础，是关注准确性的口语活动。角色扮演、课堂分组讨论、小组活动都是关注流利性的口语活动。故选A。

　　15.【答案】D。解析：考查学习策略。题干意思是：如果教师让学生制定他们的学习计划，他/她是在培养他们的什么策略?不同的研究者对学习策略有不同的分类，但各种分类法中基本都涉及四种策略，即认知策略、元认知策略、情感策略和交际策略。其中元认知策略(metacognitive strategy)指学生对自己的认知过程及结果的有效监视及控制的策略.包括计划策略、监控策略和调节策略。计划策略指的是对学习等活动的事前规划，如制定学习计划等。故选D。

　　16.【答案】D。解析：考查词汇教学内容。题干意思是：当教师告诉学生dog这词也暗含“忠诚”意思时，教师是在教单词的什么意义?词的意义一般分为词汇意义和语法意义两个方面，前者指词所表达的意思，通常分为外延意义(denotativemeaning)和内涵意义(connotativemeaning);后者指词与词之间的相互关系，包括搭配、近义词、反义词和下义词。外延意义也叫概念意义(conceptual meaning)或所指意义(referential meaning)，是词汇的最基本意义.是语言符号所代表的事物的最基本特征的抽象概括，常视作是词语在词典中的定义或释义;内涵意义指词的隐含意义或象征意义。如dog一词，原本意思是“狗”，一种动物，也就是我们所说的外延意义，而狗象征着忠诚，因此“忠诚”是它的一个内涵意义。故选D。

　　17.I答案】A。解析：考查写作教学过程。题干意思是：下列哪项是写作过程的最后一步?A项“校改作文”，B项“写出每段的中心句”，C项“收集与话题相关的信息”，D项“按逻辑顺序组织信息”。写作一般包括写前准备、写初稿、写后编辑和校改等几个步骤。准备阶段主要是寻找话题，明确主题，根据写作目的收集与主题相关的信息。组织素材和规划文章结构，列出提纲;初稿阶段包括起草文章，添加内容;修改阶段包括检查所写内容，加工润色。同伴互改和小组评议等。故选A。

　　18.【答案】C。解析：考查听力教学活动。题干意思是：在听前提出与话题相关的问题，其主要目的是什么?A项“满足学生的期望”，B项“增强学生自信”，C项“激活学生的图式”，D项“提供任务反馈”。在听前阶段，教师提出与话题相关的问题可以激活学生头脑中已有的关于听力材料的图式知识，激活有关听力话题的背景信息。故选C。

　　19.【答案】D。解析：考查语法教学内容。题干意思是：如果教师让学生用that/which/whom进行填空，那么他/她最不可能关注语法的哪个层面?lexical level“词汇层面”，syntactic level“句法层面”，discourse level“语篇层面”.morphological level“形态学层面”。语法教学的内容不仅包括语言形式/结构，还包括语意和语用。语言形式/结构包括词法、句法等;语意包括语法形式与结构的意义;语用指语言在一定的语境、语篇中的表意功能。该教师让学生选择关系代词填空，目的是让学生掌握定语从句这项语法的形式、意义和运用。形态学是研究词的内部结构和构词规则的科学。故选D。

　　20.【答案】c。解析：考查小组活动。题干意思是：如果教师让学生分组谈论他们的爱好，那么他/她是在鼓励什么?peer correction“同伴纠错”，peer feedback“同伴反馈”，peer interaction“同伴交往”，peer assessment“同伴评价”。教师让学生分组谈论他们的爱好，可以促进同学之间的交流和互动。故选C。

　　Passage l

　　21.【答案】C。解析：词义题。根据画线单词定位于第一段中的“Increasingly，machines areprovidingnotonly the brawnbutthe brains，too.”，可知brawn与brains的意思相对应，brains表示智力、脑力，则brawn表示体力。故选C。

　　22.【答案】D。解析：指代题。第一段开头举出自动驾驶汽车、电脑撰写体育赛事和股价浮动的新闻报道、电脑判卷等例子，并指出机器不仅可以提供体力，也可以提供脑力，从而引出人类将如何适应这一局面的问题——哪些人能在这种新型的机器经济中成功、哪些人不会成功?故选D。

　　23.【答案】B。解析：细节题。根据第三段的第一句“YourSmanphonewill recorddata onyourlife an&when asked，willtellyouwhat to do，drawing ondatafromyourhome orfromyour spouse andfriends if need be.”可知，智能手机通过记录你的生活数据，从而告诉你应当做什么，使得智能手机发送的指令是有价值、可靠的。故选B。

　　24.【答案】c。解析：细节题。根据最后一段中的“Theywillhaveanincentiveto disclosethatinformationtoget the better job or social opportunity.You’ii assume the worst about those who keep secrets，and SO openness will reign.”，可知透露信息的人可以得到好的工作或社会机遇，而那些保密的人会被人们往最坏处想.因而坦诚将成为王道。由此可知，那些保密的人最容易因这次技术革命受挫。故选C。

　　25.【答案】A。解析：推断题。根据最后一段中的“You’ll assumetheworst about those who keep secrets，and soopenness will reign.Many of us will start to hate the idea of Big Data.”可知.大数据让人们没有隐私，并且不能说谎。故选A。

　　Passage 2

　　26.【答案】D。解析：推断题。从第一段的最后一句“What makestoday’s criticisms different is an aggressive effort by advocacy groups，and self-proclaimed educational entrepreneurs to deregulate the preparation of teachers，and to expand independent，alternative routes into teaching."可以推断出，对于如今师范教育的批判主要来自宣传组织和所谓的教育企业家，故选D。

　　27.【答案】D。解析：词义题。momentum意为“势头，动力，冲力”。根据momentum后面的句子“…with venture capitalists，philanthropy，and the U.S.Department of Education all providing sponsorship and substantial funding”可知，风险资本家、慈善事业及教育部提供的资金援助推动了美国在师资培养领域所做的努力。moment“时刻”，motive“动机”.achievement“成就，成绩”，incentive“动机，刺激”。故选D。

　　28.【答案】D。解析：推断题。根据第三段末尾“The resulting system of teacher preparation may differ dramatically in…moving away from its current location alongside legal，medical，and other professional preparation”可推断出，新的师范教育项目会遵照其他职业教育的惯例，D项正确。A项“美国的高等教育系统会完全瓦解”，该说法过于绝对。B项“美国高等教育系统将会被完全调整”，根据第三段第一句中“theUnited Statesmay quickly seek to dismantle its university system and replace much of it with independent，private programs”可知，只是大部分会被调整，而不是完全调整。C项“未来私立师范项目将不会为师范学生颁发学位证书”，文中未提及。故选D。

　　29.【答案】C。解析：细节题。根据第四段中的“several stateshave eitherpassedlegislationtolowerthe standards forbecoming ateacher”可知，几个州为了应付教师短缺局面通过了降低教师标准的立法，A项“增加合格教师的数量”与原文不符。根据第五段中的“Because ofthe increasing tuition rates，a consequence in part，ofcuts in funding to public universities that contin He to educate most U.S.teachers，enrollments in college and university teacher education programs have declined in many parts of the country”可知.由于学费的增加，对高等师范教育的资金投入缩减了，B项“提高对师范教育项目的资金投入”与原文不符。根据第四段末尾“…encourages smtes to expand the number of independent programs not associated with colleges and universities.”及第五段中的“Independent teacher education programs are being viewed by some as an important part of the solution in staffing the nation’s classrooms”可知.一些州发展私立师范教育项目，C项“发展非高等师范教育项目”正确。D项“为师范教育项目设立底线”.文中未提及。故选C。

　　30.【答案】A。解析：细节题。根据最后一段中的“Giventhe seriousness oftheteacher shortage probleminthe United States and the substantial media attention that has been given to independent teacher education programs as the solution to teacher shortages and education inequities”可知。由于美国教师短缺的严重问题，还有大量媒体对于私立师范教育的关注.私立师范教育被认为是解决师资短缺和教育不公的方法。故选A。

　　二、简答题

　　31.【参考答案】

　　(1)教材是实现教学目标的重要材料和手段。英语教材是英语课程资源的核心部分。教材在英语教学中的两个作用：

　　①体系完整、内容丰富、设计合理的教材能更好地激发学生学习英语的兴趣，有利于学生培养语言知识、语言技能、情感态度、文化意识、学习策略这五方面的综合语言运用能力。

　　②结构合理、内容丰富、活动灵活多样的教材在一定程度上保证了教学内容、教学过程和教学方法的科学合理，这有利于教师节省备课时间和精力，而且有利于他们在教学中创造性地使用教材，从而更好地培养教师自身的专业发展能力。

　　(2)教师使用教材时应注意以下三点：

　　①根据所在地区的教学实际需要、学生现有水平、课时安排等，可对教材内容做适当的补充和删减。但对教材所做的补充和删减，不应影响教材的完整性和系统性。要避免仅仅为了满足考试需要而对教材作出取舍。

　　②根据实际教学目的和学生学习需求，对教材中的部分内容和活动进行替换，也可根据需要添加活动步骤.比如增加准备或提示性的步骤，从而降低学习难度。教师还可适当扩展教学内容或延伸原有的教学活动，比如增加属于相同主题且水平相当的阅读篇目或在阅读理解的基础上展开对话或讨论活动，或增加词汇学习活动或写作活动等。从而满足学生的需求。

　　③根据学生周围的现实生活对教材编排顺序做适当的调整。比如，现实生活中发生了某一重要事件，该事件与教材中某个单元的话题相关但进度不同步，在不影响教材的延续性和渐进性的前提下，可以提前学习这个单元，使学习内容与生活中发生的事件同步。

　　三、教学情境分析题

　　32.【参考答案】

　　(1)该片段的教学目的是锻炼学生的辨音能力。通过在语境中进行辨音练习，提高学生辨别[D]和[?:]的发音的能力;开展语音教学，推进学生听、说、读、写各项技能的发展。

　　(2)该教师采用了以下两种教学方法：

　　①使用最小对立体分析音差，进行辨音练习。在音位分析中，只涉及一个音素差别的对立体叫作最小对立体。该练习教师列出的四组词使用的都是最小对立体。

　　②采用有意义的语言练习活动。教师不是孤立地读出一个单词让学生选择正确的答案，而是在通过句子让学生理解句意的基础之上选择正确的发音。

　　(3)该教学片段体现了语音教学的原则有：

　　①针对性原则。针对性原则指语音训练的重点应该放在有标记的语音特征之上。教师要针对学生的困难进行有针对性的指导。这个练习主要训练[?:]和[D]这一对长短音的区别，体现了这一原则。

　　②综合性原则。语音教学并不是孤立的发音教学，教师应该将音素、音标、单词、句子及语义、语用等各个层面结合起来，把语音教学融入有意义、有情景的语言练习和任务性的语言训练中去，将语音同口语、交际、互动等围绕意思展开的语言活动结合起来，应注意语义与语境、语调与语流相结合。该教学片段中，教师把语音和单词、句子结合起来，体现了这一原则。

　　(4)能恰当体现语音教学原则的其他三种方法有：

　　①找出一组词中读音不相同的词。教师连续读几个词，有一个词的发音与其他词不同，请学生挑出发音不同的一个。该练习适用于音素教学和练习，体现了语音教学的针对性原则，如by—buy—bye—bay(第四个不同)。

　　②对比学习。把相近发音的一组元音或辅音放在一起，让学生先听，然后对比学习，体现了语音教学的准确性原则，例如/s/和/θ/，/i/和/i：/等。

　　③绕口令。绕口令可以调节气氛，可以练习熟练程度，使学生在理解语句、语篇意义的基础上，在轻松愉快的气氛中，感受英语语音的节奏美.体现了语音教学的趣味性原则。

　　四、教学设计题

　　33.【参考设计】

　　Teaching Contents:

　　A passage about online shopping.

　　Teaching Objectives:

　　(1) Knowledge objectives

　　①Students can master the main idea of this passage.

　　② Students can learn the advantages and disadvantages of online shopping.

　　(2) Ability objective

　　Students can improve their reading and communicating abilities through class activities.

　　(3) Emotional objective

　　Students can improve their confidence of learning English*, and be not afraid of speaking English in class.

　　Teaching Key Points:

　　①Students can understand the advantages and disadvantages of online shopping.

　　② Students can comprehend the main idea of the passage.

　　Teaching Difficult Point:

　　Students can have a reasonable consumption online.

　　Major Steps:

　　Step 1 Pre-reading (6 minutes)

　　(1) Show some questions on the blackboard and ask students to have a discussion.

　　①Do you know how to buy something on the Internet?

　　②Do you often buy things on the Interact?

　　③ What can you buy?

　　(2) Ask students to predict the main idea of this passage.

　　(Justification: This step can arouse students' interest, and let them know the topic of this reading class.)

　　Step 2 While-reading (8 minutes)

　　(1) Fast reading

　　Ask students to read this short passage quickly in oneminute, and then conclude the main idea of each paragraph.

　　Ask students to examine their forecasts and conclude the main topic of this passage.

　　(Justification: Students can develop their skimming ability in this step.)

　　(2) Careful reading

　　Let students read this passage carefully again.

　　Show the table on the blackboard and ask students to discuss about the online shopping. Then ask some students to share their answers.

　　(Justification: Different ways of exploiting the text can help students not merely to cope with one particular text in class but to develop their reading strategies and reading ability.)

　　Step 3 Post-reading (6 minutes)

　　Choose two volunteers to have an interview about online shopping. One student acts as interviewer and the other interviewee. The knowledge they have learned in this class needs to be used in this interview.

　　(Justification: Students have the interview in their own way, which helps to make practical use of what they learn in this period. At the same time, students can have a better understanding of the topic.)